In this section of the website, we provide an overview of the core technologies embraced by the term AIDC, (Auto Identification and Data Capture). AIDC technology is what Blackroc is all about.

RFID

How does RFID work?

Tag Power Options

Operational Frequency

Tag Programming Options

Data Options

Environmental Factors

Barcode

How does it work?

Alphanumeric Symbologies

2-Dimensional (2D) Symbologies

Matrix Codes

Stacked Barcodes

What do I need to read a barcode label?

Barcode Wand

Handheld Scanners

What do I need to print barcodes?

Thermal Printing Explained.

Direct Thermal Printing (DT)

Thermal Transfer Printing (TT)

RFID
During 2005 and 2006, RFID, (Radio Frequency Identification), looks set to experience unprecedented growth as the world wakes up to the potential of this technology, driven by major global enterprises in the fast moving consumer goods supply chain. This growth is being led by developments in UHF RFID systems where the promise of greater read range and faster data capture offered by UHF is considered to be important.

UHF certainly has great potential in the USA where the radio regulatory environment is favourable for UHF emissions. However this is not the case on a global basis, where other regions and countries impose greater restrictions in the use of UHF for RFID particularly in respect to power output and bandwidth.

As far as Europe is concerned, considerable efforts have been undertaken to relax the European model to allow performance closer to that enjoyed in the US, and this committee driven political process has taken some years to reach full fruition.

However, all good things are worth waiting for, and ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute) has recently (September 2004) announced approval of a revised standard for UHF RFID which allows the use of 2 watts (from the previous half a watt) output power over a 2MHz bandwidth, between 865.6 and 867.6 MHz.

This will give read range performance about 75% of US levels, albeit with operational restrictions which may inhibit tag throughput at least initially. Blackroc see this as a major step forward for the use of RFID in general in Europe since it will act as a catalyst for RFID market growth across all frequencies. However UHF is only a part of the RFID spectrum of frequencies, and in any event will probably be used mostly for specific elements of an identification requirement where long range is important e.g. pallet identification at warehouse dock doors.

It is likely that for identification of smaller logistics units, cartons, trays, and individual items, other RFID frequencies for various reasons will be more appropriate, particularly 13.56 MHz , and also the good old barcode.

Blackroc has extensive experience in RFID, and a long pedigree of building readers and antennas to suit specific RFID requirements. We are able to provide solutions in all of these technologies, and where our advice is sought, we will always approach any application with a totally open mind with regard to the choice of the most appropriate technology, be it RFID of any frequency, or barcode or other.

Please look at the RFID products section of this website, to get a flavour of some of the best RFID product in the market that is available from Blackroc, some of it developed and branded by us, some from our key partners. In the case of handheld RFID readers, this product can be shipped directly by our distribution team together with tags for use in simple track and trace applications.

With fixed, unattended, RFID systems the situation is different. These systems require a serious level of installation and setup and an in-depth knowledge of the RF air interface, in order to work properly. We only deliver these systems through our RFID professional services team, who have a deep understanding of the technology and what it takes to make it work reliably in-situ.

Please browse through the product selection, and feel free to call our professional services team for initial outline advice for your next potential RFID project.

Blackroc are an active member of AIM the industry representative body for AIDC and have an AIM authorised RFID specialist within the company.

How does RFID work?
RFID works by wireless communication across an air interface. All RFID systems have the basic components shown here.

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BARCODE
From an original idea patented in the USA in 1952 by [Woodland and Silver], barcode really became commercialised in the late 1960s in the USA, driven by two key industries, the Grocery/Food/Supermarket sector and the US railways. Work in the grocery sector eventually resulted in the UPC code which was first used in 1974. (A packet of Wrigleys chewing gum was the very first item to be read ).Since the first use in 1974, the UPC code became extended to include 2 extra digits to become EAN, which is now probably the most widely used code in the world. Barcode really started to be taken up by industry in 1981 when the US Department of Defence adopted Code 39 for the coding of military equipment.

As time went on, further coding systems were developed and today there are a wide range of different symbologies, available to users.

Barcode is the most widely used identification technology in the world and nowadays there can't be many people on the planet who don't know what a barcode is. It is a very powerful technology, very cheap to produce with a wide range of scanning and printing equipment available in the market at competitive prices. Blackroc provides a wide range of barcode scanning equipment which you can find in the products section of this website.

There are those who consider that barcode has had it's day and that RFID tags will soon replace it. This is a very limited view. It is unlikely that barcode will be replaced by RFID certainly for identification at item level, and in the future it is likely that the two technologies will be used side by side, utilising the different strengths of each to suit particular requirements within the same application.

How does it work?
A traditional (linear) barcode label consists of a series of black and white bars of different widths arranged according to a specific set of rules for that particular barcode type or "symbology". A light source from a barcode reader or "scanner" (CCD or laser), illuminates the label, and receiving optics in the scanner head record the returned light signal from the white spaces which reflect the light and the black bars which absorb the light. These reflected peaks and troughs are converted into electronic signals which are then decoded according to the rules for that particular symbology, into ASCII characters.

Many different linear symbologies are available nowadays, including the following:

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What do I need to read a barcode label?
There are a wide variety of bar code reading devices available including the following:

Barcode Wand For many years this used to be the most popular device for reading barcodes mainly because of cost. Wands or light-pens work by moving the wand's illuminated head across the barcode. As the wand passes across the label, it records the peaks and troughs of reflected light and the time duration of each from which it calculates the width of the bars. However some skill is needed to use one, since it is important that the wand moves at a uniform speed, so not everyone is good at it, and also the lens of the reader tends to wear as a result of constant wiping across barcode labels. As the price of better scanning technology has dropped, wands have lost ground to handheld scanners.

Handheld Scanners These devices are available in two principal technology formats, laser scanners and CCD scanners.

Laser scanners work by moving a tiny beam of laser light (using an oscillating mirror) in a straight line across a barcode and reading the returned light signals. Considered generally as the premier scanning technology, laser light can be emitted to a considerable distance, and so it is the technology of choice for long range applications, and scanners are available which can read up to 10 metres or so. Because the beam of laser light is linear, for use with 2D barcodes a laser scanning beam has to be "rastered", that is, moved up and down the label in order to get 2D coverage.

CCD scanners work by illuminating the barcode label with a thin line of light usually from an array of LEDs in the head of the scanner, and then taking an image of the illuminated line, on a pixel by pixel basis and then decoding the light and dark spaces. CCDs are either linear, that is they read a thin line of light, for use with linear barcodes, or area, that is they can take an image of the whole area ( e.g. for 2D barcodes), a bit like using a CCD camera. Because the latter works like a CCD camera it can also be used for capturing non-barcode images such as signatures and peoples faces for example, (often also referred to as imagers). In general terms CCD scanners tend to be cheaper than laser scanners.

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What do I need to print barcodes?
Dot matrix, laser, and ink jet printers can be used to print barcode labels, but they all have their drawbacks. Thermal label printers are specifically designed for the task and so give the best results. They can print at high speeds and can be used to print single labels at a time, or whole rolls at once.

Thermal Printing Explained.
Thermal printing involves heat transfer from a thermal printhead to a heat sensitive paper or ribbon. The printhead consists of a long, linear array of tiny resistive heating elements that are arranged perpendicular to the flow of the paper. Each element heats the area directly below it on the paper and the image is produced by the rows of dots that are printed onto the paper as it passes beneath the printhead.

There are two basic thermal printing methods:

Direct Thermal Printing (DT) With this method, the printhead is in direct contact with the chemically treated paper and no ribbon is used. As a result, the running costs are lower, however, this method will also wear down the printhead faster than with thermal transfer as paper is coarse and will wear the printhead down over time. In addition to this the edge of each label strikes the printhead as it passes causing further wear. So although no ribbon is needed, the printhead will wear out faster. Printheads are considered to be consumables and must be included in the overall cost of operation.

This method should be used where the lifecycle of the label is very short, and cannot come into contact with heat or ultra violet light. Thermal paper will mark if scratched and will eventually turn black if left for long periods of time.

Thermal Transfer Printing (TT) Thermal Transfer printer use the same technology as direct thermal printer. Heat from the printhead is applied to the ribbon, the material on the ribbon is then transferred to the label media. The thermal transfer method will cost more due to the need for a ribbon, but there will also be less wear on the printhead, prolonging its life.

This method should be used where there is a greater label lifecycle required. There is a much higher variety of media stock, which is higher in durability. Also the quality of print is generally higher.

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